Honing Razors and Nihonkamisori, a translated guide.
Was given a link to the below text and thought others might benefit from it as well.
PM me if you want the original d/load, easier to print it out for a papercopy.
Enjoy:
Honing Razors and Nihonkamisori
Kousuke Iwasaki
(Translated by Jim Rion)
(Original Document © 1963 by Kousuke Iwasaki, Translation © 2011 Jim Rion, All Rights Reserved. Feel free to distribute this document in its entire, unaltered form, but only for NONCOMMERCIAL purposes.)
Table of Contents
Translator’s Note 1
Section 1--Preparation of Tools 3
1. Nagura 3
2. Small Form Honyama 3
3. Honyama Hone 3
4. Rasha Hone [Pasted Strop] 4
5. Proper Strop Care 4
6. Removing Oil From A Strop 5
7. How To Soften A Hard Strop 5
8. Linen 6
9. Linen Maintenance 6
10. Importance Of A Microscope 7
Section 2--Honing Fundamentals 7
1. Proper Honing Motion 7
2. Water Honing and Oil Honing 8
3. Is The Nagura Honing? Is The Honzan Honing? 8
4. The Use Of Nagura 9
5. Honing And Your Environment 9
6. If The Razor’s Steel Is Bad 9
Section 3--How To Hone 10
1. Coarse Honing 10
2. Middle Honing 10
3. Finishing Honing 11
4. Removing The False Edge 11
5. Finishing The Edge 12
Section 4--Principles of Honing 12
1. Pressure During Honing 12
2. Distance Traveled By The Kamisori 13
3. Honing Time 13
Section 5—Stropping 14
1. Principles Of Stropping 14
2. How To Strop 14
3. Linen 15
Section 6--Removing Large Chips 15
Section 7--How To Use A Western Razor 15
Section 8--About Rust 16
1. The Causes Of Rust 16
2. Stropping After Use 16
3. Using Boiling Water 16
4. Anti-Rust Paper 16
5. Anti-Rust Oil 17
6. Rust And The Cutting Edge 17
Afterword 17
Catalog 18
Translator’s Note
This has not been an easy translation. In addition to my relatively poor Japanese skills, the language used in writing this is at times archaic, and often obtuse. Even the native speakers I have asked have often lacked the vocabulary to understand parts, and I have only been saved by the fact that my wife has a very advanced knowledge of Kanji, and I am deeply obsessed with razors and honing. In addition, I’d like to thank Joseph Geruntino for his invaluable assisting in checking and editing.
There are some points where I have chosen to retain some more obscure Japanese words, especially the archaic measurements of Kanme, Monme, Sūn and Fūn, because I think they are interesting. I have, of course, included the modern conversions, as indeed they were often present in the original, anyway.
Where I felt helpful or necessary, I have included brief explanatory notes set off in brackets, with my initials [Like this--JDR]. I hope these are not too intrusive.
Now, before the meat of this book, a brief word about the author.
Kousuke Iwasaki (b. 1903, d. 1967) was more than just a maker of razors; he held a PhD in metallurgy from Tokyo University, he was apprenticed to swordsmiths and barbers, and his book "Regarding Blades," 「刃物の見方」 is still considered one of the leading works on Japanese smithing, metallurgy and Tamahagane ever written. He was born into a family of blademakers, but his father’s business was destroyed by the enormous influx of cheap, mass-produced yet still high-quality German cutlery after the first world war, and he swore to establish Japanese blades as the best in the world as revenge for his father’s losses. This mission led him to studying the ancient secrets of the Japanese bladesmiths, as well as his lifelong research into Tamahagane and swordsmithing. He eventually transferred his focus to razor making, both of the traditional Japanese Kamisori as well as western-style straight razors.
In 1946, he established the Sanjo Workshop in Sanjo City, Niigata prefecture to produce razors and other small blades, and his oldest son Shigeyoshi worked with him to establish one of, if not the, most respected names in Japanese razor making. At the same time, he continued his research into traditional Japanese steels, and in 1966 was named Official Blade Inspector for the Imperial Household at Toushouin (the Imperial Treasure House) in Nara. The next year, sadly, he passed away from Cancer at the age of 64.
In this text, his writing shows an obsession not only with making, but also caring for, blades. In the above mentioned text, he described how, in order to ensure the absolute best edges on his razors he searched out and reopened the Mikawa Nagura mine so that no one would ever get a bad shave from an Iwasaki razor. He researched Japanese natural hones in this same pursuit, as well as metallurgical and smithing techniques, and his obsessive attention to quality shines through in the text that follows. He pays attention to every element that could effect the quality of his razors' edges: strops and stropping, hones and honing, weather, storage and oiling...everything. Some of his information seems a bit counterintuitive, but remember, this book was written almost 50 years ago, and it still describes many of the same issues we straight razor fans deal with every day, like the use of microscopes, chromium oxide, and microbeveling.
So please enjoy “Honing Razors and Nihonkamisori”, and if you find any use or enlightenment therein, please do share it with others who might also do so.
Jim Rion
April, 2011/Updated May 2011
Honing Razors and Nihonkamisori
By Kousuke Iwasaki
Lecturer at Central Advanced Barbering School
Director, Sanjo Workshop
Section 1--Preparation of Tools
1. Nagura
Using the black Tsushima hones as Nagura, instead of the white hones sourced from the area near Nagura village in the Kitashitara district of Aichi prefecture, is a mistake. As there are also fake white Nagura, it’s best to seek out stones stamped in red with “Examined: Asano” [See figure at left—JDR].
I’ve asked Professor Nagayuki Asano, the former head lecturer of the Barbering Department at the Aichi prefectural Occupational Guidance Facility, who lives near the mountain producing the Nagura, to examine and stamp these stones for the sake of professionals in the field.
There are four main types of Nagura: Botan (ボタン), Mejiro (目白), Tenjou (天上) and Koma (コマ or 細.) Botan has coarse particles, and eats steel well; the Tenjou and Mejiro have fine particles. Because Nagura are widely used for honing out chips and correcting rounded bevels, the coarser stones are highly sought after and thus are somewhat expensive. The Koma have particles finer than Botan, yet still eat steel quickly, and sword polishers and Cloisonee makers buy them in large quantities, so they are even more expensive than Botan.
Botan sometimes have small black spots known as “sand eyes,” and in that part you’ll often see lots of sharp inclusions, so it’s best to be careful to use the other faces of the stone.
Nagura are a kind of quartz Tuffa, formed from compressed volcanic ash, and so one of their drawbacks is that they are brittle and often have fracture points. So using a stone with sharp corners can lead to pieces breaking off and falling onto the surface of your hone, which will damage the edge of the razor you are honing, and thus it’s best to sand all around the Nagura stone and round off any corners. Also, to prevent pieces falling from the sides of the stone, seal the sides with the vinyl resin called “Hone Coat”.
If you have bought the coarse Botan, and either the Tenjou or Mejiro for middle honing, there is no objection to seeking out a Koma Nagura to come between them. [This is a difficult passage, but I think the implication is actually that it is not necessary; this will become clear later, as he never mentions Koma again. In addition, the comment that the Koma “comes between them” contradicts other descriptions of the relative fineness of the Nagura, including those written by Iwasaki himself, not to mention my own experiences with using them. This needs further investigation.--JDR]
2. Small Form Honyama
Prepare a small piece, about the size of a matchbox, cut from a “Honyama” stone. Sand down the top and bottom corners and coat the sides with “Hone Coat”, just like your Nagura. Use this as a companion slurry stone, a “Tomonagura,” with your Honyama stone.
3. Honyama Hone
A hone with a brown stamp reading “Maruka Shouhonyama” [See figure at left—JDR] on the small end is absolutely top class [Current Maruka stamps are purple.—JDR]. The yellow stones are considered the best, but after trying reddish ones, blue ones and white ones, the results showed that the particles were the same and the honing results were all equivalent. After the “Maruka” hones, the next best hones are finishing hones from Ozaki-mountain. They are dark gray, and not particularly pretty, but having used one, the resulting edge was very good. The price is good, as well, so I particularly recommend them for younger people.
Just like your Nagura, carefully round off the corners. Flatten the sawmarks on the sides of the hone with sandpaper. There are stones with purple or brown “skin”. Remove this completely. This skin is harder than steel, and so any fragments of it can cause serious damage to your edge. It is also best to smooth and even out the uneven areas of the bottom of the hone. In the past, people often coated the sides and bottom with Urushi lacquer, but these days “Hone Coat” is sufficient, and it dries quickly.
The face of the honyama must be absolutely flat, because if there are any dished or raised areas in the center, you won’t be able to achieve a good edge. Some people think that lapping the hone using emery powder spread on a sheet of glass will result in a flat face, but if you use a straight-edge to check, you will almost certainly find that the center is raised in this case. Therefore, use sandpaper to lap the surface of the hone until it is perfectly flat. Thus far, there hasn’t been a habit in the barbering world of using a straight edge to check the hone surface, but from now on it should become a standard practice, as should the use of sandpaper to sand down raised areas of the face of the hone.
4. Raxa Hones (Pasted strop) [“Raxa” is from Portuguese, meaning “wool cloth”. Apparently, the pronunciation in Japan is “Rasha.”--JDR]
Make a Raxa hone by sticking a scrap of wool cloth onto a small wooden board with tacks. [In the original, he recommended a Kamaboko Board, a small wooden platter used in cooking and serving a steamed fish paste, it's about 15x5 cm.--JDR]. Onto this, spread a mixture of water and the abrasive called "Green Powder" (Chromium Oxide). Use this to remove the extremely fine "false edge" left by the honyama hone. I've tried using wood or the back of a leather strop with this powder, but with each one I found that it caused some chipping on the blade, so it's best not to use either.
5. Proper Strop Care
Leather made from the rump of a horse and treated using a process developed in Cordoba, Spain, is known as Cordovan. The skin of a younger horse is thinner, and the composition is finer and smoother, but in the rare case that the leather is cut, it can penetrate all the way through, so for younger, less experienced people thicker leather is safer. Thicker leather comes from older horses, and the pores are coarser. The thinner leather is cheaper.
If dust gets stuck to the strop, or steel from your razor gets embedded in it, or it gets too dirty, you will need to sand it down with Strop Paper. First, sand the dry strop with 120 grit paper. If the strop has any cuts, sand down until the cuts are gone. Next, sand with 240 grit paper, then move up to 320 grit. Then, take a moist towel and dampen the strop, and then sand it with 400 grit, then 500 grit, moving on to 600 grit paper. As you are sanding, the strop will start to dry and whiten. When that happens, re-dampen the strop with a damp towel. Finally, polish the strop with 800 grit paper. As grit from the paper can fall off and get embedded in the strop surface, carefully wipe down the surface with a clean, damp towel until it is clean and smooth. Finally, thoroughly wipe the damp surface of the strop with a clean, dry cloth, rubbing for 10-15 minutes, until the strop is dry. After it is completely dry, the surface will develop a brilliant sheen, and will gleam like a mirror.
In the course of normal use, foreign bodies can get embedded in the surface of the strop, so twice a month, on the 1st and 15th, make it a habit to dampen the strop and polish it with 800 grit strop paper, and then gently wipe off any residual grit from the paper with a damp cloth. Finally, polish it with a dry cloth until it shines again. Continuing this will impart a lustrous shine to the strop like it has been lacquered.
If you rub soap on it, the strop will dry out and begin to crack, so by no means do so. If you use milk or eggwhites, the proteins will adhere to the strop and harden into particles like sand, which will damage your razor, so don’t use them either. There are people who use a beer bottle to flatten a strop, but this can cause the strop to stretch and curve, so it’s best not to. Some also spread oil on the strop to soften it, but it’s very common to over-apply oil. In such a case, no matter how you polish the leather it will never become glossy, and it will lose half its edge-polishing power. If you have over-oiled your strop, follow the method described in the next section to remove the excess.
6. Removing Oil from Strops.
[Warning! The following section seems, to me, to be a bit on the dangerous side. I can’t recommend it, and if you do decide to try this, for Pete’s sake be careful!--JDR]
(1) Pour a cider-bottle full of gasoline into a wash-basin. [I have no real idea how big a cider bottle was in 1966, but I’m assuming 500ml or even 330ml, as beer bottles would have been 750ml.--JDR] Remove the metal components from your strop and submerge it in the gasoline, soaking it thoroughly. About 5 minutes should be sufficient. If you suddenly have to leave, and hang the gasoline-soaked strop in the open to dry, it will wrinkle and deform as it dries, so if you have to stop in the middle store the strop in water. Gasoline is highly flammable so be careful of fire.
(2)Fill a washbasin with soapy water the temperature of a hot bath. Take the gasoline-soaked strop from the last step and place it in the washbasin, and knead it from the edges inward, like you’re washing clothes. The water will quickly dirty and turn gray. When that happens, empty the basin and refill with hot, soapy water. Repeat this about 10 times. Each time should take about 5 minutes, so altogether this should take about an hour.
(3)Fill the basin with clean hot water and place the strop in it. Gently knead the strop and rinse away the soap. Two repetitions of this should suffice.
(4)Lay the wet strop flat on a board. As it dries, it will shrink and buckle like when you dry kelp. To prevent this, take a beer bottle and roll/press the face of the strop, and it should stretch out easily.
(5)When the strop has been stretched out, it will tend to ripple or curve a little, so take two boards and press the strop between them. Gently tap along these boards and the strop will straighten out nicely.
(6)Leave the strop like this for two or three days. Setting the strop near a heater or in the sun will lead to the strop stiffening. When the strop is dry, polish it with strop paper and it will shine.
7. How to Soften a Hard Strop
(1) Fill a washbasin with water and submerge the strop, without its metal parts, in the water and thoroughly knead it. Remove the strop from the water, and then by pressing and kneading it, it will soften.
(2) Lay the wet strop flat on a board. As it dries, it will shrink like when you dry kelp, so if you take a beer bottle and roll/press the face of the strop it should flatten out.
(3) If it starts to ripple, sandwich it between two boards and press from the front, and it will straighten out.
(4) Apply neetsfoot oil to the surface of the damp strop.
(5) Allow it to dry for two to three days and it should be soft.
(6) If you apply too much oil, soak the strop and the water-soluble neetsfoot oil will be drawn out.
8. Linen [“Zukku” is the Japanese word, from the Dutch word “Zoek”, meaning “Sailcloth.” It’s not actually linen or sailcloth, it’s a very heavy cotton fabric. I use linen here because it’s the accepted English term for the fabric strop component--JDR]
Recently, there are many people who don’t use a linen strop. An improperly maintained linen can damage your edge, but a well-cared-for linen strop can be a fantastic tool. I personally know two barbers who were each able to shave more than 1,000 people without needing to rehone their razors, through skillful use of linen. It really is best to use a properly prepared linen strop. A razor which won’t shave after being stropped on leather can often be restored to shaving form by proper linen use.
9. Linen Maintenance/Preparation
(1) Wash with a stiff, soapy brush.
(2)Remove the excess water and lay out, damp, on a table. Take a wooden mallet and tap evenly along the length of the strop using the curved side of the mallet, making sure to smooth out any creases or bends.
(3)Wash with a stiff brush.
(4)Rub firmly with round cosmetic soap [No idea why this is so specific, nor what soap he means.--JDR]
(5)Rub with a pumice stone to remove any fabric balls or loose threads.
(6)Wash with a stiff brush.
(7)Rub firmly with round cosmetic soap again.
(8) Smooth the surface with a Nagura stone.
(9)Rinse
(10)Let dry for two to three days.
(11)Apply soapy lather with a brush [Shaving brush?--JDR]
(12)Roll firmly with a beer bottle.
(13)Repeat 11 and 12 above 3 times.
Through use, the strop will blacken with steel particles from your razor. When it blackens, its polishing power increases, so I recommend you keep it that way carefully.
However, if the strop darkens with grease or mildew, it’s a problem, so if that happens wipe carefully with an oiled cloth.