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“I have a hard time imagining how an incomplete bevel set can lead to a "collapsing edge."

The edge is not collapsing, it was never completely sharp and the user was shaving with the part that...

Looking at the sides will not tell you if the bevels are meeting, it will tell you if you are honing to the edge, but not meeting. But if you are not honing to the edge, the bevels will never meet.
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Some better photos of the edge would help, but your bevels do not look like 12k Super Stone bevels.

What are you stropping on, and did you lap your stones and bevel the edges?

Why do you suspect over-honing? How many laps did you do?

Generally it is an incompletely set bevel or too much pressure at low grits.

Joint the edge and re-set on the 12K. If you have hone...