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The really old smiths didn't know the temperatures or even care. They knew the colors and knew to work the metal or quench when it hit the correct color.

And shade is important to see that color,...

I normalize in a toaster oven. 400 F for an hour and then air cool. Not really sure that it is necessary since it will be heated back up for heat treatment, but I don't risk it. I'm also not doing...

Usually the temperature that I strike is around 800 C. It is a dull orange.
Heat, strike, and let air cool. Then normalize the blade, then heat treat.

I don't do razors yet (still learning), but I do plane irons, chisels, and carving knives.

I hot stamp with just propane or MAPP for my simple mark. No problem. An instant read infra red...