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You can very easily check which one it is with a marker, if a flat hone removes metal from the edge, then it's the back side of the bevel, if it removes metal from the back side of the bevel, then...

Yes, all of the above, but to quantify each piece you need to do real science. Plastic deformation in such hardened steel is orders of magnitude smaller than the abrasive effect. You probably want...

The problem is that the lack of any quantitative measure makes such statements meaningless.

Stropping on plain leather (the mildest stropping we use) removes material from the edge and therefore...