Maybe someone already mentioned this, but if you are using a Norton 4 white side/8 yellow side, one way to know when you are done with the 4K white side is that steel will not be releasing or darkening your stone or your water. That indicates that you are done on that size grit and it is time to progress to a finer grit. No microscope required. Good luck sir.
Mike
Am I reading this right ? When the Norton 4k gets clogged up, you move to the 8k ?
I can't think of another reason why an abrasive stops cutting.